1. 官僚
2. 官僚政治
3. 官僚主义
4. 繁文褥节
5. 形式主义
6. 政府机构
7. 官僚机构
8. 官僚作风
9. 科层制
10. 官员，官吏
11. 官僚体制，官僚制度
12. 实行官僚体制的国家
13. 文牍主义
14. 官僚集权

1. [S]官僚;工商业的高级管理人员 a group of government,business, or other officials who are appointed rather than elected
2. [U]官僚主义,官僚作风 a system of doing things officially which is annoyingly and unnecessarily difficult to understand or deal with and usually ineffective

1. nonelective government officials

2. a government that is administered primarily by bureaus that are staffed with nonelective officials

3. any organization in which action is obstructed by insistence on unnecessary procedures and red tape

1.官僚制度
Abureaucracy is an administrative system operated by a large number of officials.

bureaucracy的意思

e.g. State bureaucracies can tend to stifle enterprise and initiative.
国家的官僚体制往往会扼杀人们的事业心和积极性。

2.官僚作风；官僚主义
bureaucracy refers to all the rules and procedures followed by government departments and similar organizations, especially when you think that these are complicated and cause long delays.

e.g. People usually complain about having to deal with too muchbureaucracy.
人们经常抱怨不得不应付太多的繁文缛节。

1. bureaucracy是什么意思

1. 官僚制度：官僚制度(bureaucracy)保证了管理的效率和统治的有效性,这在当时是一个非常成功和先进的制度发明. 西方几乎到19世纪才有真正成熟的官僚制度,不过,西方官僚制度虽然大大晚于中国,但它却更严格,按照韦伯的观点,西方官僚制度才是真正严格的官僚制度,