1. the act of providing approval and support;

   "his vigorous backing of the conservatives got him in trouble with progressives"
   

2. customers collectively;

   "they have an upper class clientele"
   

3. a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient

4. (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

5. the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers;

   "even before noon there was a considerable patronage"
   

1. support by being a patron of

2. be a regular customer or client of;

   "We patronize this store"
   "Our sponsor kept our art studio going for as long as he could"
   

1.资助；赞助
patronage is the support and money given by someone to a person or a group such as a charity.

e.g. ...governmentpatronage of the arts in Europe...
欧洲政府对艺术的资助
e.g. The Vevey Festival was founded 12 years ago under thepatronage of Oona Chaplin.
沃韦喜剧电影节是12年前在乌娜·卓别麟的赞助下设立的。

1.

1. 恩惠：慈善作为一种恩惠(patronage)形式,赞助人绝不会被迫参与,除非是出於他内在的推动和公众的非正式期待. 它更多地针对公民而非穷人,没有经济或政治功能. 它既不是救济(charity),也不是财富的、去政治化的或税收的再分配. 有时,

2. 赞助：举一个最简单的例子,拉了文pater如果保留其在古罗马时代的字形传至现代,可以用来表达的意思(也许还要并以别的字)可包括父亲、爱国主义(patriotism),父系血统(paternity)、(基督教)教父神学研究(patritics)、祖传财产(partrimony)、赞助(patronage)等等.

3. patronage在线翻译

3. 资助：早就有学者研究指出,在国际科学界,作为惯例的科学共同体的自治的形成得益于两个不可或缺的社会文化条件:其一,学术自由不仅是研究机构的既定方针,而且成为广泛的社会共识;其二,外界(包括民间机构和国家)对科学的资助(patronage)必须通过基于同行评

4.

4. 光顾：另外一种研究购买者行为的方法是区别老客户光顾(patronage)动机和购买新产品动机(product buying). 老客户光顾动机是指使潜在的消费者购买某一企业的产品而不是其他企业的产品的考虑因素. 这些因素包括优质的服务,